水环境中Ni~(2+)对鲤鱼鳃和肝脏的组织损伤

为研究水环境中Ni~(2+)对鲤鱼鳃和肝脏的组织损伤,将鲤鱼(Cyprinuscarpio)暴露在Ni~(2+)浓度为0、0.55、0.62、0.72、0.83、0.96、1.09、1.25mmol/L的水环境中进行急性毒性试验,并通过组织切片观察鳃和肝脏的组织病理变化。结果显示,Ni~(2+)对鲤鱼的96h半数致死浓度(LC_(50))为0.72 mmol/L,安全浓度(SC)为0.007 2 mmol/L。高浓度Ni~(2+)(1.25 mmol/L)试验组鲤鱼的鳃小片呼吸上皮细胞坏死、脱落,肝血窦淤血,肝细胞核固缩;中低浓度Ni~(2+)(0.72～1.09mmol/L)试验组鲤鱼的鳃小片呼吸上皮水肿浮离、细胞增生,血窦充血,肝细胞胞浆空泡化。表明水环境中的Ni~(2+)浓度高于0.007 2mmol/L时会对鲤鱼的鳃和肝脏造成急性毒性,导致鳃和肝脏出现明显的组织病理变化。     

Sublethal effect of avermectin and acetamiprid on the mortality of different life stages of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Hispidae) and its larvae parasitoid Asecodes hispinarum Bouček (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

The beneficial parasitoid Asecodes hispinarum Bouček plays an important role in integrated pest management (IPM) of the coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro), in China. A. hispinarum females parasitize 3rd to 4th instars B. longissima larvae. Hatched parasitoid larvae develop within the host, and parasitoid adults emerge through holes that they chew through the cuticle of the host. Although chemicals serve as the main short term control agents, the compatibility of biological and chemical control has never been investigated for this system. This study examined the responses of immature and adult B. longissima and its larval parasitoid A. hispinarum to avermectin and acetamiprid. Avermectin caused complete mortality of 2nd to 4th instar larvae, and of adults of B. longissima at 10, 15 and 2 d after treatment, respectively. However, 26.7% of the 2nd instar larvae, 55.3% of the 4th instar larvae, and 74%, of adult B. longissima were still alive 40 d after acetamiprid application. Following avermectin exposure, 17.5%, 9.2% and 23% of mummified B. longissima larvae contained viable adult parasitoids for the parasitoid egg, larva and pupa treatments, respectively, and the numbers of dead parasitoids per mummy were 3.3, 7.2 and 13.3 for the egg, larva and adult treatments, respectively. However, for acetamiprid treatment, 70–75.9% of mummified B. longissima larvae contained viable adult parasitoids in all three stage treatments, and the number of dead parasitoids per mummy was 2.8, 2 and 3.4 in egg, larva and adult treatments, respectively. This study showed that a sublethal dose of avermectin is more toxic than acetamiprid to B. longissima and A. hispinarum. Therefore, direct contact of the parasitoid with avermectin should be avoided when this insecticide is used to control B. longissima.     

Therapeutic antibodies: their mechanisms of action and the pathological findings they induce in toxicity studies

Antibodies can swiftly provide therapeutics to target disease-related molecules discovered in genomic research. Antibody engineering techniques have been actively developed and these technological innovations have intensified the development of therapeutic antibodies. From the mid-1990’s, a series of therapeutic antibodies were launched that are now being used in clinic. The disease areas that therapeutic antibodies can target have subsequently expanded, and antibodies are currently utilized as pharmaceuticals for cancer, inflammatory disease, organ transplantation, cardiovascular disease, infection, respiratory disease, ophthalmologic disease, and so on. This paper briefly describes the modes of action of therapeutic antibodies. Several non-clinical study results of the pathological changes induced by therapeutic antibodies are also presented to aid the future assessment of the toxic potential of an antibody developed as a therapeutic.     

4种氨基糖苷类抗生素联用氯霉素对青海弧菌Q67 联合毒性作用及机制

近年来,氨基糖苷类(Aminoglycoside, AG)抗生素与氯霉素(Chloramphenicol, CHL)联用产生增毒作用而引起的死亡事件屡见不鲜。以4种AG抗生素：盐酸大观霉素(SPC)、硫酸小诺霉素(MCR)、硫酸丁胺卡那霉素(AMK)、妥布霉素(TOB)和氯霉素(CHL)为研究对象,选择青海弧菌(Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67,Q67)作为指示生物,采用直线均分法设计二元混合物,采用最小二乘法拟合浓度-效应数据,运用浓度加和(CA)模型对药物间的毒性相互作用进行评估,并同步分析抗生素联合毒性作用机理。结果表明：在暴露时间为12 h时,以半数浓度效应(EC₅₀)的负对数pEC₅₀值为毒性指标,5种抗生素的毒性大小顺序为TOB > CHL > MCR > AMK >SPC;4种AG抗生素与CHL的二元混合物的联合毒性作用特点因混合组分的不同而不同,Q67在二元混合物的EC₅₀浓度水平、暴露12 h后,细胞形态均未发生显著变化,而在单个抗生素的EC₅₀浓度、暴露12 h后,细胞明显受损,但损伤程度不同;大部分受混合物作用的Q67的发光相关物质含量在EC₅₀效应下均低于空白组,抗生素及其混合物的作用机制很可能是通过干扰发光菌体内蛋白质合成,进而导致细菌代谢紊乱,最终致其死亡。     

氟吡呋喃酮与8种杀虫剂复配对温室白粉虱的联合毒力

为了筛选出对温室白粉虱高效的农药复配组合,本试验选择9种杀虫单剂对田间采集的温室白粉虱进行了毒力测定,并利用共毒因子和共毒系数对氟吡呋喃酮与8种杀虫剂复配组合的联合毒力进行评价,同时对筛选出的药剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明：杀虫单剂毒力测定中,LC₅₀最低的为鱼藤酮,最高的为螺虫乙酯,48 h LC₅₀分别为0.43μg/mL和78.59μg/mL;毒力大小顺序为鱼藤酮>氟啶虫胺腈>除虫菊素>苦参·印楝素>d-柠檬烯>氟吡呋喃酮>啶虫脒>高效氯氰菊酯>螺虫乙酯。共毒系数大于120的复配组合为氟吡呋喃酮与d-柠檬烯5∶1、氟吡呋喃酮与苦参·印楝素1∶2和1∶5,共毒系数分别为268.31、247.80和241.46,LC₅₀分别为5.76、4.51μg/mL和4.34μg/mL。氟吡呋喃酮与d-柠檬烯5∶1复配增效作用明显,为最佳配比。田间药效试验表明,10 d后,17%氟吡呋喃酮可溶液剂与1%苦参·印楝素乳油、5%d-柠檬烯可溶液剂复配对温室白粉虱的防效达到83.5%～83...     

铝胁迫对山茶属植物光合特性的影响

以山茶属植物山茶花（Camellia japonica）品种花克瑞墨大牡丹以及茶（Camellia sinensis）的2个品种（白茶、乐茶）为材料，设置不同铝处理浓度，研究了铝对山茶属植物叶片光合作用特性的影响。结果表明，低浓度的铝处理促进了山茶属植物叶片叶绿素的合成和净光合速率的升高，高浓度的铝处理抑制了山茶属植物叶片叶绿素的合成，降低了净光合速率，胞间CO2浓度在不同铝浓度处理下变化不大，说明低浓度的铝能促进山茶属植物的光合作用，高浓度铝抑制了山茶属植物的光合作用。